Mphamvu ya Solar Yokhazikika: Mphamvu Zothetsera Zamtsogolo

M'zaka zaposachedwa, kufunafuna njira zothetsera mphamvu zokhazikika kwadzetsa ukadaulo waluso, umodzi mwawo ndi Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). Mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe mapanelo a dzuwa omwe amasintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi, machitidwe a CSP amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi kapena magalasi kuti ayang'ane kuwala kwa dzuwa kumalo ang'onoang'ono, kutulutsa kutentha komwe kungasinthidwe kukhala magetsi.

Kumvetsetsa Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

Mphamvu ya Concentrated Solar (CSP) ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi ongowonjezwwdwdwddwddwdwdwdwdwdwdwdwdwdwdwdwddwdwdwdwd bakeng ndi magalasi kapena magalasi kuti ayang'ane kuwala kwadzuwa pamalo ang'ono kuti apange kutentha. Kutentha kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthunzi yomwe imayendetsa turbine yolumikizidwa ndi jenereta, potero imatulutsa magetsi. Makina a CSP ndi osiyana ndi ma solar achikhalidwe a photovoltaic (PV) chifukwa amadalira kutentha m'malo mwa magetsi opangidwa potembenuza kuwala kwadzuwa kukhala mphamvu yapano (DC).

Momwe CSP Imagwirira Ntchito:

1. Kukhazikika kwa Dzuwa:

   • Magalasi kapena magalasi amawunikira kuwala kwa dzuwa pa a wolandila ili pafocal point.
   • Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya machitidwe a CSP ndi parabolic troughs, nsanja zamphamvu za dzuwa, parabolic mbalendipo Fresnel zowonetsera.

2. Kusintha kwa Kutentha:

   • Kuwala kwadzuwa kokhazikika kumapanga kutentha kwambiri pa wolandira.
   • Kutentha kumeneku kumasamutsidwa kumadzimadzi ogwira ntchito (monga madzi, mafuta, kapena mchere wosungunuka).

3. Mibadwo Yamphamvu:

   • Kutentha kwamadzimadzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthunzi yomwe imayendetsa a kamvuluvulu kugwirizana ndi jenereta yamagetsi.
   • Kapenanso, machitidwe ena a CSP amagwiritsa ntchito injini ya Stirling, yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi kutentha kuti ipange mphamvu zamakina.

4. Kusungirako Mphamvu:

   • Machitidwe a CSP nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kusungirako kutentha kusunga kutentha kochuluka kwa magetsi pa nthawi ya mitambo kapena usiku.
   • Mchere wosungunuka Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira, chifukwa amatha kuyamwa ndikusunga kutentha kwa maola ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewuyo ipange mphamvu ngakhale dzuwa silikuwala.

Mitundu ya Mphamvu ya Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

Pali mitundu ingapo ya makina a Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), iliyonse ili ndi mapangidwe ake apadera komanso njira yolumikizira kuwala kwa dzuwa. Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane mitundu yayikulu yaukadaulo wa CSP:

Linear Fresnel Reflectors (LFR)

Ma Linear Fresnel Reflectors amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi aatali, athyathyathya okonzedwa motsatizana kuti ayang'ane kuwala kwa dzuwa pa chubu cholandirira chomwe chili pamwamba pa magalasiwo. Magalasi amenewa amayang’anira kayendedwe ka dzuŵa m’mlengalenga, kuonetsetsa kuti kuwala kwadzuwa kumakhala kokwanira tsiku lonse. Kutentha kopangidwa mu chubu cholandirira kumatenthetsa madzi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nthunzi kuti apange magetsi. Makina a LFR nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika mtengo pomanga kuposa matekinoloje ena a CSP, kuwapanga kukhala njira yabwino mapulojekiti ogwiritsira ntchito.

Parabolic Dish Collectors (PDC)

Parabolic Dish Collectors imakhala ndi galasi looneka ngati mbale lomwe limayatsa kuwala kwa dzuwa pa cholandirira chomwe chili pakatikati pa mbaleyo. Kukonzekera kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kwapamwamba kukwaniritsidwe, kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kotheka kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya Stirling kapena turbine yaing'ono ya nthunzi. Ngakhale machitidwe a PDC angakhale opambana kwambiri ndipo amapanga magetsi ngakhale pazitsulo zing'onozing'ono, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso zodula poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya CSP, kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kwakukulu.

Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC)

Parabolic Trough Collectors ndi amodzi mwa matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi CSP. Pamapangidwe awa, magalasi owoneka ngati parabolic amawunikira kuwala kwa dzuwa pa chubu cholandirira chodzaza ndi madzi otengera kutentha. Madziwo akamatenthedwa, amatumizidwa kumalo osinthira kutentha, komwe amapanga nthunzi kuti ayendetse turbine. Makina a PTC amadziwika chifukwa chodalirika komanso kuchita bwino, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa makina akuluakulu a dzuwa, kupereka mphamvu zambiri.

Solar Power Towers (ST)

Solar Power Towers, kapena nsanja zotentha zadzuwa, zimagwiritsa ntchito magalasi ambiri (ma heliostat) omwe amatsata dzuŵa ndikuwonetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa kupita kunsanja yapakati. Pamwamba pa nsanjayo, wolandira uthenga amasonkhanitsa kuwala kwadzuwa kochuluka n’kutenthetsa madzi, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga nthunzi yopangira magetsi. Dongosolo lamtundu uwu la CSP limatha kutentha kwambiri ndipo limatha kusunga mphamvu moyenera, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yamphamvu yopangira magetsi adzuwa.

Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwa Mphamvu ya Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

ubwino

1. Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri: Machitidwe a CSP amatha kuchita bwino kwambiri potembenuza mphamvu ya dzuwa kukhala magetsi, makamaka akaphatikizidwa ndi kusungirako mphamvu zotentha. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala okhoza kupanga magetsi ambiri.

2. Mphamvu yosungirako Mphamvu: Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za CSP ndikutha kusunga mphamvu zamatenthedwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zomera za CSP zimatha kupanga magetsi ngakhale dzuŵa silikuwala, zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zodalirika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mapanelo a dzuwa.

3. M'badwo Waukulu: Ukadaulo wa CSP ndiwoyenera kwambiri pama projekiti akuluakulu. Itha kupanga magetsi ochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino yokwaniritsira mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira m'mizinda ndi m'mafakitale.

4. Kuchepetsa Kutulutsa kwa Gasi Wowonjezera Kutentha: Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa, machitidwe a CSP amathandizira kuchepa kwa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha poyerekeza ndi malo opangira magetsi, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo.

5. Kuthekera kwa Hybrid Systems: CSP ikhoza kuphatikizidwa ndi magwero ena amphamvu, monga gasi wachilengedwe, kuti apange machitidwe osakanizidwa omwe amapangitsa kudalirika kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu.

kuipa

1. Pamafunika Direct Dzuwa: Ukadaulo wa CSP ndiwothandiza kwambiri kumadera omwe ali ndi kuwala kwadzuwa kochuluka. Imavutika kupanga magetsi pamasiku a mitambo kapena mvula, zomwe zingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito kwake m'malo a dzuwa.

2. Mtengo Wokwera Kwambiri Woyamba: Ndalama zoyambira zamakina a CSP zitha kukhala zofunikira. Mtengo wa magalasi, malo, ndi zomangamanga ukhoza kukhala wokwera, zomwe zingakhale cholepheretsa kwa omanga ena.

3. Nkhawa za Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo ndi Madzi: Zomera za CSP zimafuna malo ochulukirapo kuti zigwirizane ndi zida zadzuwa. Kuphatikiza apo, machitidwe ambiri a CSP amagwiritsa ntchito madzi kuziziritsa, zomwe zimadzetsa nkhawa m'madera ouma kumene madzi ali ochepa.

4. Kukonzekera ndi Kuvuta kwa Ntchito: Zida zamakina zamakina a CSP, monga magalasi ndi njira zotsatirira, zimafunikira kukonza pafupipafupi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino. Izi zitha kubweretsa zovuta zogwirira ntchito komanso ndalama zambiri.

5. Kukwanira Kwamagawo Ochepa: CSP siyoyenera malo onse. Madera omwe ali ndi kuwala kochepa kwa dzuwa, mitambo yomwe ili ndi mitambo yambiri, kapena nyengo yamvula nthawi zambiri sangapindule ndi lusoli monga momwe madera akuwola dzuwa.

Ntchito Zodziwika Kwambiri Zopangira Mphamvu za Dzuwa Padziko Lonse Lapansi

Tekinoloje ya Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) yawona kutumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi, ndi mapulojekiti angapo odziwika omwe akuwonetsa kuthekera kwake kopanga mphamvu zazikulu. Nawa mapulojekiti angapo a CSP:

1. Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (USA)

Ili ku California's Mojave Desert, the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System ndi imodzi mwazomera zazikulu kwambiri za CSP padziko lapansi. Pokhala ndi nsanja zitatu zamphamvu zoyendera dzuwa, ili ndi mphamvu yokwana megawati 392 (MW). Chomeracho chimagwiritsa ntchito magalasi opitilira 300,000 kuti ayang'ane kuwala kwadzuwa pama boiler omwe ali pamwamba pa nsanja. Ivanpah idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2014 ndipo imatha kupanga magetsi okwanira kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu pafupifupi nyumba pafupifupi 140,000, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri mpweya wa carbon.

2. Noor Concentrated Solar Complex (Morocco)

The Noor Concentrated Solar Complex, yomwe ili pafupi ndi Ouarzazate, ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu kwambiri za dzuwa padziko lonse lapansi. Ili ndi magawo anayi, okhala ndi mphamvu yoyikapo ya 580 MW. Pulojekitiyi imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa parabolic trough ndi solar tower. Akagwira ntchito mokwanira, Noor akuyembekezeka kupereka magetsi kwa anthu opitilira miliyoni miliyoni ndikuchepetsa pafupifupi matani 760,000 a mpweya wa CO2 pachaka. Gawo lake loyamba, Noor I, lidayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2016.

3. Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project (USA)

The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Pulojekitiyi, yomwe ili ku Nevada, imagwiritsa ntchito nsanja yamphamvu ya solar ndipo ili ndi mphamvu ya 110 MW. Malowa ali ndi njira yapadera yosungiramo mphamvu yotentha, yomwe imalola kuti ipereke magetsi ngakhale dzuwa litalowa. Milu ya Crescent imatha kupereka mphamvu ku nyumba pafupifupi 75,000, ndikutha kusunga mphamvu kwa maola angapo, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale gwero lodalirika la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa. Ntchitoyi idayamba kugwira ntchito mchaka cha 2015 ndipo ndiyomwe imathandizira kulimbikitsa matekinoloje osungira mphamvu.

4. Solana Generating Station (USA)

Komanso ili ku Arizona, the Solana Generating Station ili ndi mphamvu ya 280 MW ndipo ndi yodziwika bwino chifukwa chaukadaulo wake wofananira. Chomerachi chimakhala ndi njira yosungiramo mphamvu yotentha yomwe imatheketsa kupereka magetsi kwa maola asanu ndi limodzi dzuwa litalowa. Solana imatha kuyendetsa nyumba pafupifupi 70,000 pachaka ndipo imathandizira kwambiri kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Malowa adayamba kugwira ntchito mchaka cha 2013 ndipo adathandizira kwambiri kuwonetsa kuthekera kwa CSP posungira.

5. Chomera cha Gemasolar Thermosolar (Spain)

The Chomera cha Gemasolar, chomwe chili ku Andalusia, Spain, ndi malo oyamba amalonda kugwiritsa ntchito luso lapamwamba la nsanja yokhala ndi mchere wosungunuka. Ili ndi mphamvu ya 20 MW ndipo imatha kupereka mphamvu mosalekeza, ngakhale usiku, chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zosungirako matenthedwe. Gemasolar imatha kupereka mphamvu ku nyumba pafupifupi 25,000 ndipo yachita bwino kwambiri, ndi maola opitilira 15 akutulutsa mphamvu mosalekeza. Chomeracho chinayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2011 ndipo chakhala chitsanzo cha ntchito zamtsogolo za CSP.

Mtengo wa Mphamvu Yokhazikika ya Dzuwa

Mtengo wa makina a CSP nthawi zambiri umayesedwa potengera mtengo wamagetsi wamagetsi (LCOE), womwe umawonetsa mtengo wapakati pa ola limodzi la megawati (MWh) wamagetsi opangidwa panthawi yonse ya ntchitoyo. Malinga ndi lipoti la International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), LCOE yaukadaulo wa CSP mu 2021 inali pafupifupi $60 mpaka $120 pa MWh, kutengera ukadaulo ndi mawonekedwe a projekiti.

Kuyerekeza ndi Magwero Ena Amagetsi Ongowonjezwdwa

1. Mphamvu ya Mphepo: LCOE ya mphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja nthawi zambiri imakhala yotsika kuposa ya CSP. Pofika chaka cha 2021, LCOE yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja idachokera pa $30 mpaka $60 pa MWh, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazinthu zotsika mtengo zongowonjezera mphamvu zomwe zilipo.

2. Pikachuma: Hydropower nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi LCOE yopikisana, kuyambira $30 mpaka $50 pa MWh. Komabe, izi zimasiyana kwambiri potengera malo, kukula kwa malowo, komanso kutengera chilengedwe.

3. Photovoltaic Solar (PV): Mtengo wa solar PV watsika kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mu 2021, LCOE yamakina opangira ma solar PV anali pafupifupi $30 mpaka $50 pa MWh, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipikisane ndi mphepo komanso mphamvu yamadzi. Kutsika mtengo kwa ma solar panels komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwathandizira izi.

Kodi Mphamvu ya Solar Yokhazikika Ndi Yoyenera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pakhomo?

Mphamvu ya Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) idapangidwa kuti igwire ntchito molingana ndi zofunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba. Makina a CSP amafunikira malo akulu ndi malo enaake, monga kuwala kwadzuwa kwachindunji, komwe sikungatheke m'nyumba. Kuvuta ndi mtengo wokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa ukadaulo wa CSP pang'ono pang'ono kumachepetsanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyumba.

Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso kunyumba, njira yabwino ndikuganizira mapanelo adzuwa padenga. Makinawa amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pogona ndipo amatha kusintha kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi popanda kufunikira kwa malo ochulukirapo kapena zomangamanga. Makanema adzuwa padenga amatha kupanga mphamvu zokwanira zopangira nyumba yanu, kuchepetsa kudalira magetsi a gridi ndikutsitsa mabilu anu amagetsi.

At Shielden, timapereka apamwamba kwambiri 10 kW solar system zokonzedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zapanyumba. Dongosololi limapereka njira yolimba yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yadzuwa, kuwonetsetsa kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yadzuwa kuchokera padenga lanu. Ndi maubwino owonjezera a misonkho komanso kupulumutsa mphamvu, kusinthira kumagetsi adzuwa kumatha kukhala ndalama zanzeru kunyumba kwanu.